New Delhi, Sept. 1 -- In the 21st century, the South Asian countries of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh are facing a convergence of agricultural stress and climate uncertainty. With more than 60% of their populations relying on agriculture and rural livelihoods, these countries are increasingly vulnerable to rising temperatures, unstable monsoons, and recurring floods and droughts. South Asia has been recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2023) as one of the most climate-vulnerable regions for agricultural decline. The socio-economic vulnerability of smallholder farmers is further enhanced by constrained access to adaptive technology, poorly developed infrastructure, and institutional Fragmentation.

Agriculture ...