New Delhi, July 29 -- India's aspiration to become a developed nation by 2047 hinges critically on the strength of its human capital. However, persistent learning gaps in public education- highlighted by assessments like the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) and Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development (PARAKH)-pose headwinds to this vision.

In response to these learning gaps, the government introduced the National Education Policy (NEP) in 2020 and the National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat Mission) in 2021, and is undertaking many other systemic reforms. The impact of these will unfold in the years to come, once the slow systemic effe...