ALEXANDRIA, Va., Jan. 28 -- United States Patent no. 12,535,442, issued on Jan. 27, was assigned to Stichting IMEC Nederland (Eindhoven, Netherlands).

"Methods and devices for liquid impedance measurement using a four-electrode device" was invented by Pawel Bembnowicz (Waalre, Netherlands).

According to the abstract* released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Provided is a method for liquid impedance measurement using a four-electrode device comprising an electrode structure. The method (100) comprises applying a sinusoidal voltage signal across a first outer electrode and a second outer electrode of said electrode structure and performing current and voltage measurements thereof. The method further comprises applying said sinusoida...