ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 6 -- United States Patent no. 12,378,191, issued on Aug. 5, was assigned to PRINCE MOHAMMAD BIN FAHD UNIVERSITY (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia).

"Synthesis of N-substituted pyrroles by green catalyst" was invented by M. Amin Mir (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia), Syed M. Hasnain (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia) and K. Andrews (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia).

According to the abstract* released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A method of forming a N-substituted pyrrole of formula (1) that includes reacting an amine of formula (2) with a compound of formula (3) in the presence of a catalyst including juice from a fruit of a plant in the genus Malus, R1 and R2 are each independently a hydrogen, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally subst...