ALEXANDRIA, Va., Dec. 31 -- United States Patent no. 12,512,357, issued on Dec. 30, was assigned to Applied Materials Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.).

"Ceramic engineering by grading materials" was invented by Arvinder Chadha (San Jose, Calif.) and Christopher Beaudry (San Jose, Calif.).

According to the abstract* released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Embodiments disclosed herein include a puck for an electrostatic chuck. In an embodiment, the puck comprises a substrate with a top surface and a bottom surface. In an embodiment, a first material composition is at the top surface of the substrate, and a second material composition is at the bottom surface of the substrate. In an embodiment, a composition gradient is provided through t...