, April 29 -- Seven years after the Sorbonne speech, President Macron spoke again in the university's Grand Amphitheatre for a speech on Europe on Thursday 25 April 2024.

In seven years, Europe has been profoundly transformed by historic crises: Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine.

The European Union has responded through unity, taking swift and ambitious decisions, reducing its dependencies and bolstering its sovereignty.

In seven years, Europe has carried out six major transformations:

1. Financial unity, initially through joint European borrowing, to come out of the pandemic on top;

2. Strategic unity in new fields necessary for protecting our fellow citizens, health (joint vaccine producti...