Nepal, Nov. 12 -- Every few years since 1953, the Chinese government has unveiled a new master strategy for its economy: The all-important five-year plan.

For the most part, these blueprints have been geared at spurring growth and unity as the nation transformed from a rural, agrarian economy to an urbanised, developed powerhouse.

The task that faced China's leaders as they met in early October 2025 to map out their 15th such plan was, however, complicated by two main factors: Sluggish domestic growth and intensifying geopolitical rivalry.

Their solution? More of the same. In pledging to deliver "high-quality development" through technological self-reliance, industrial modernisation and expanded domestic demand, Beijing is doubling dow...