Pakistan, July 10 -- The second section of this op-ed series presents a critique of the NHWM Policy within the framework of John Kingdon's Streams Model, which illustrates how policies are formed, adopted, and implemented. It conceptualises the policy process through three streams: the problem stream, the policy stream, and the political stream. It also distinguishes between participants in each stream. Over the years, it has become an important analytical tool to examine and evaluate policy formulation in a range of areas, including the environment and climate change.

The problem stream involves recognising and defining an issue of public concern that requires government attention. The key elements of the problem stream include problem ...