ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 6 -- United States Patent no. 12,378,685, issued on Aug. 5, was assigned to Twelve Benefit Corp. (Berkeley, Calif.).

"Surface modification of metal catalysts with hydrophobic ligands or ionomers" was invented by Yueshen Wu (Irvine, Calif.), Chengtian Shen (Irvine, Calif.), Benjamin Kash (Berkeley, Calif.), Shreeya Negi (Aptos, Calif.) and Coline Boulanger (Saint-Vincent-de-Pertignas, France).

According to the abstract* released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Provided herein are hydrophobically-modified metal nanoparticle cathode catalysts for electrochemical reactions. The hydrophobic modifications may be incorporated onto the nanoparticles by either directly binding ligands or ionomers to the nanoparticles,...