TOKYO, June 11 -- Cabinet Office issued the following white paper:

Jun Takahashi Graduate School of International Management, Yokohama City University Yoshiyuki Nakazono Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office Graduate School of International Management, Yokohama City University Abstract This study examines how parents' pre-birth gender preferences influence their educational investment decisions. Using longitudinal survey data, we analyze whether parents' stated gender preference before the birth of their first child affects actual spending on education and school selection. We observe parental gender preferences aligned with their own gender: mothers prefer daughters, whereas fathers prefer sons. Our estimation results rev...